From 1604, when the Red Seal trading system was established, to 1639, when the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted the isolation policy, a total of 350 ships crossed the ocean, and 130 of them traded with Vietnam. These agents headed for the Southern East Asian countries, including Vietnam (An’nan), Philippines, and Thailand, and exchanged silver, copper, sulfur, swords, and other goods with raw silk, silk, cottons, etc.
Japanese authorities such as the Tokugawa Shogunate or the Lords of Domains gave such associates a “Red Seal” letter, an official trade license that distinguished official traders from smugglers and pirates.
In the late 16th century, Japanese traders sought trading partners in the Southern East Asian countries, due to the Chinese ban on Japanese commercial activities during the Ming Dynasty.
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